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Basic Dimension
http://sexualreligion.blogspot.com/
Number Archive
Lake Toba (Indonesian: Danau Toba) is a large natural lake occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide, and up to 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep. Located in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches from 2.88°N 98.52°E to 2.35°N 99.1°E. It is the largest lake in Indonesia and also the largest volcanic lake in the world.[1]
Lake Toba is the site of a massive supervolcanic eruption estimated at VEI 8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago,[2][3][4] representing a climate-changing event. Recent advances in dating methods suggest a more accurate identification of 74,000 years ago as the date.[5] It is the largest-known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences for human populations; it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human worldwide population to the present.[6] Debate exists regarding the catastrophe theory.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj1ds5JsyGE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory
The Toba eruption has been linked to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution about 70,000 years ago,[28][29] which may have resulted from a severe reduction in the size of the total human population due to the effects of the eruption on the global climate.[30] According to the genetic bottleneck theory, between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago, human populations sharply decreased to 3,000–10,000 surviving individuals.[31][32] It is supported by genetic evidence suggesting that today's humans are descended from a very small population of between 1,000 and 10,000 breeding pairs that existed about 70,000 years ago.[33]
Proponents of the genetic bottleneck theory (including Robock) suggest that the Toba eruption resulted in a global ecological disaster, including destruction of vegetation along with severe drought in the tropical rainforest belt and in monsoonal regions. For example, a 10-year volcanic winter triggered by the eruption could have largely destroyed the food sources of humans and caused a severe reduction in population sizes.[34] Ī¤hese environmental changes may have generated population bottlenecks in many species, including hominids;[35] this in turn may have accelerated differentiation from within the smaller human population. Therefore, the genetic differences among modern humans may reflect changes within the last 70,000 years, rather than gradual differentiation over hundreds of thousands of years.[36]
Other research has cast doubt on a link between Toba and a genetic bottleneck. For example, ancient stone tools in southern India were found above and below a thick layer of ash from the Toba eruption and were very similar across these layers, suggesting that the dust clouds from the eruption did not wipe out this local population.[37][38][39] Additional archaeological evidence from southern and northern India also suggests a lack of evidence for effects of the eruption on local populations, leading the authors of the study to conclude, "many forms of life survived the supereruption, contrary to other research which has suggested significant animal extinctions and genetic bottlenecks".[40] However, evidence from pollen analysis has suggested prolonged deforestation in South Asia, and some researchers have suggested that the Toba eruption may have forced humans to adopt new adaptive strategies, which may have permitted them to replace Neanderthals and "other archaic human species".[41][42]
Additional caveats include difficulties in estimating the global and regional climatic impacts of the eruption and lack of conclusive evidence for the eruption preceding the bottleneck.[43] Furthermore, genetic analysis of Alu sequences across the entire human genome has shown that the effective human population size was less than 26,000 individuals at 1.2 million years ago; possible explanations for the low population size of human ancestors may include repeated population bottlenecks or periodic replacement events from competing Homo subspecies.[44]
We also know in the evolution of bipedal primates there have been about 26,000 individuals on average about 1,2 million years ago:
'Homo sapiens, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus had, worldwide, a breeding population of about 18,000 people—no more than 26,000 people. This means that all over the world, every human-like species that could possibly contribute genes to a current human added up to a smaller population than that of gorillas today.'
-------------------
Discussion:
The Toba super eruption is not what we are looking for. More importantly is the seriously shrunken genetic variation of Homo sapiens just after this disaster. This has been confirmed by scientific research. That is all what matters.
The evolution of bipedal Hominids has been a contiguous bottleneck of impending extinction. But like chimps they had enormous genetic variation. The same conclusion can be drawn for Homo erectus. All these species were on the verge of extinction but managed to survive severe inbreeding by exuberant genetic variation.
The sixty-four-thousand dollar question is why Homo sapiens lost so much genetic variation. There have been a lot of bottlenecks earlier than the Toba super eruption, but Toba was a devastating disaster at the right moment in time. That makes Toba so special.
And after Toba only small groups of humans migrated out of Africa what also will have diminished the gene pool. So, there may be more causes enacting to the declined genetic variation. And after Toba exploded the human population in the rest of the world. Indeed, Toba could have been the latest life threatening disaster for the species.
The San-people (Bushmen) in South Africa kept their genetic variation and escaped the Toba disaster of 74,000 years ago:
About 140,000 years ago human populations from East or Central Africa moved southwards and colonized western southern Africa. The probable nearest living relatives of these source populations are: the Hadzabe people from north-central Tanzania and Mbuti pygmies from the eastern Congo. This migration gave rise to the present-day San hunter-gatherers (Bushmen). The San-people (and the Khoisan-group) are seen as the oldest Homo sapiens with the greatest genetic variation. They are said to show the human population genetic footprints:
'On the other hand, human population groups worldwide outside Africa are highly homogeneous genetically. This means, inbreeding with autosomal recessive disorders occurs sooner between Asians and Caucasians than within two neighbouring tribes of San people. They simply have more genetic variation in one tribe than we in the whole world.'
Shrinking genetic variation of Homo sapiens caused the Tree of Knowledge, knowledge of autosomal recessive disorders. That is the subject of this article.
http://sexualreligion.blogspot.com/
Number Archive
Lake Toba
Lake Toba is the site of a massive supervolcanic eruption estimated at VEI 8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago,[2][3][4] representing a climate-changing event. Recent advances in dating methods suggest a more accurate identification of 74,000 years ago as the date.[5] It is the largest-known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences for human populations; it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human worldwide population to the present.[6] Debate exists regarding the catastrophe theory.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj1ds5JsyGE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory
Genetic bottleneck theory
Proponents of the genetic bottleneck theory (including Robock) suggest that the Toba eruption resulted in a global ecological disaster, including destruction of vegetation along with severe drought in the tropical rainforest belt and in monsoonal regions. For example, a 10-year volcanic winter triggered by the eruption could have largely destroyed the food sources of humans and caused a severe reduction in population sizes.[34] Ī¤hese environmental changes may have generated population bottlenecks in many species, including hominids;[35] this in turn may have accelerated differentiation from within the smaller human population. Therefore, the genetic differences among modern humans may reflect changes within the last 70,000 years, rather than gradual differentiation over hundreds of thousands of years.[36]
Other research has cast doubt on a link between Toba and a genetic bottleneck. For example, ancient stone tools in southern India were found above and below a thick layer of ash from the Toba eruption and were very similar across these layers, suggesting that the dust clouds from the eruption did not wipe out this local population.[37][38][39] Additional archaeological evidence from southern and northern India also suggests a lack of evidence for effects of the eruption on local populations, leading the authors of the study to conclude, "many forms of life survived the supereruption, contrary to other research which has suggested significant animal extinctions and genetic bottlenecks".[40] However, evidence from pollen analysis has suggested prolonged deforestation in South Asia, and some researchers have suggested that the Toba eruption may have forced humans to adopt new adaptive strategies, which may have permitted them to replace Neanderthals and "other archaic human species".[41][42]
Additional caveats include difficulties in estimating the global and regional climatic impacts of the eruption and lack of conclusive evidence for the eruption preceding the bottleneck.[43] Furthermore, genetic analysis of Alu sequences across the entire human genome has shown that the effective human population size was less than 26,000 individuals at 1.2 million years ago; possible explanations for the low population size of human ancestors may include repeated population bottlenecks or periodic replacement events from competing Homo subspecies.[44]
We also know in the evolution of bipedal primates there have been about 26,000 individuals on average about 1,2 million years ago:
'Homo sapiens, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus had, worldwide, a breeding population of about 18,000 people—no more than 26,000 people. This means that all over the world, every human-like species that could possibly contribute genes to a current human added up to a smaller population than that of gorillas today.'
-------------------
Discussion:
The evolution of bipedal Hominids has been a contiguous bottleneck of impending extinction. But like chimps they had enormous genetic variation. The same conclusion can be drawn for Homo erectus. All these species were on the verge of extinction but managed to survive severe inbreeding by exuberant genetic variation.
The sixty-four-thousand dollar question is why Homo sapiens lost so much genetic variation. There have been a lot of bottlenecks earlier than the Toba super eruption, but Toba was a devastating disaster at the right moment in time. That makes Toba so special.
And after Toba only small groups of humans migrated out of Africa what also will have diminished the gene pool. So, there may be more causes enacting to the declined genetic variation. And after Toba exploded the human population in the rest of the world. Indeed, Toba could have been the latest life threatening disaster for the species.
The San-people (Bushmen) in South Africa kept their genetic variation and escaped the Toba disaster of 74,000 years ago:
About 140,000 years ago human populations from East or Central Africa moved southwards and colonized western southern Africa. The probable nearest living relatives of these source populations are: the Hadzabe people from north-central Tanzania and Mbuti pygmies from the eastern Congo. This migration gave rise to the present-day San hunter-gatherers (Bushmen). The San-people (and the Khoisan-group) are seen as the oldest Homo sapiens with the greatest genetic variation. They are said to show the human population genetic footprints:
'On the other hand, human population groups worldwide outside Africa are highly homogeneous genetically. This means, inbreeding with autosomal recessive disorders occurs sooner between Asians and Caucasians than within two neighbouring tribes of San people. They simply have more genetic variation in one tribe than we in the whole world.'
Shrinking genetic variation of Homo sapiens caused the Tree of Knowledge, knowledge of autosomal recessive disorders. That is the subject of this article.
Interesting facts:
High-frequency populations
The highest frequency of occurrence of epicanthic folds is found in specific populations or ethnicities: East Asians, Southeast Asians, Central Asians, North Asians, Polynesians, Micronesians, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and some African peoples (especially among Khoisan and Nilotic peoples).-------------------
Note in 2023. I don't quite agree with the (237) article anymore. The first Tree of Knowledge must have had a different name and meaning to protect the inbreeding tribe from contamination of the male bloodline (chimps). But with Homo sapiens, the tree took on the other meaning of protection against autosomal recessive disorders.
-------------------
The Myth of Paradise is the most fundamental myth in human history. On first sight, it has no practical meaning. But yet there may be an underlying factor through the evolution. Well, on this site that likely will be inbreeding versus outbreeding, because the Myth of Paradise and the inbreeding factor were the start of this blog.
Hence, they knew they would not live forever. If not torn to pieces they would sleep forever:
So, immortality on the Tree of Life only meant genetic tribal immortality, in which tribal members procreated genetically in their offspring. It was the Tree of Tribal Life.
Assumption 268: Genetic immortality is a religious interpretation of genetic propagation.
Thus the original meaning of the myth was to acquire continuous tribal existence and definitely not eternal life for Hominids. It was only meant to enhance tribal identity. At first it had not even religious meaning. Then it was exactly how animals procreate. No deeper thoughts emerged from their sexual behavior.
But that changed and after millions of years the sexual inbreeding culture led to a religion from inbreeding, what became the primal religion of the bipedal great apes. This means we inherited the religious traces in our brains from this first inbreeding culture which reigned five million years over our genes.
What is 'religion'?
Religion is derived from the first order time-derivative of sexual culture:
Religions are weighted sums of inbreeding and outbreeding:
So, religion is the police of sexual culture and gives guidelines on how believers should behave:
In other words, bipedal primate religion developed as primal Hominin religion based on their enduring inbreeding culture. And remember, Australopithecus lived for five million years with inbreeding and incest. The Homo naledi variant lived at least until 335 thousand years ago:
Homo naledi had an Australopithecus brain:
Australopithecus' brain went over on Homo erectus (1.8 Ma), the first humanlike creature, but why not also on Homo sapiens, 330 thousand years ago:
Only few crossbreeding between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens was needed for some percent of similar genes. But that could have been much more with Homo naledi.
So, we must take Australopiths seriously as ancestry:
Endocast morphology of Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/05/08/1720842115
http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/anthropology/homo-naledi-brain-06010.htmlThis heritage must have caused a religious physiological trace in the human brain:
Tree of Knowledge is added much later
Then, the first victim is the Tree of Knowledge, which is evolved only late in the evolution with Homo sapiens.
In our version of the myth, Eve is adulterous to the Serpent, a male from another tribe, while yearning for genetic diversity. Though Eve was mostly faithful to Adam, now she was adulterous:
But in a lifetime she scored on a continuous metric dimension:
On which she achieved eventually a weighted sum on the scale of inbreeding versus outbreeding:
Note also there is an interaction between 'adulterous/faithful' and 'inbreeding/outbreeding'. For example, adultery with a tribal hybrid, born out of some former misstep was already more in the direction of outbreeding.
Another angle is for cultures as a whole:
Because bipedal Hominid females had little chance to be exchanged with females from other groups:
We better skip the Tree of Knowledge, for this alternative implies a reasonable choice:
The Myth of Paradise is not about 'good and evil' but about inbreeding
But this is a major setback for the dating of the onset of the myth. It means there was no dialectical process at the start. This came much later. Hence, in the beginning there was actually only the Tree of Life. Also, there was no higher morality, no deeper meaning than the conservation of genetic tribal identity for all eternity.
So we learn that the first bipedal Hominids did not bother about 'good and evil' of the Tree of Knowledge. There was no need for since they only knew the Tree of Life and that was 'good':
Well, of course they were no philosophers. But that's not the point. The point is the origin of the myth lays in inbreeding and incest, and not in good and evil. The involvement of God into the myth is a joke from much later date. And that removes the foundation among desert religions. Their common ground of moralization is fake:
Getting grip on the Myth of Paradise
In the evolution the myth must have changed through the intellectual stages of the great apes.
For this analysis we first recapitulate our blueprint of human religion, as governed by primate's increasing capability to master advanced abstract concepts. Remember there are only three logical stages:
1) Genetic immortality in the offspring, just like animal religion.
2) Earthly reincarnation.
3) Reincarnation (resurrection, rebirth) into some parallel universe.
Assumption 205: Development of human religion:
1: Homininae were locked up in a sick culture of inbreeding and incest, what formed the blueprint for human religion: the first stage of Paradise culture with genetic immortality as first abstraction of eternal life.
2: Later Homininae and Homo ergaster found the combination of genetic immortality (here is meant inbreeding) with (earthly) reincarnation called the second stage of Paradise culture.
3: But some Homo erectus broke with the inbreeding and incest culture, after which women rediscovered their own soul and fulfilled their need for genetic diversity.
4: At last Homo sapiens discovered the parallel universe which eliminated sexuality from Heaven (Christianity). But a later mingling from 'inbreeding and incest' with the parallel universe again compromised Heaven sexually and delivered the third stage of Paradise Culture (Islam).
3: But some Homo erectus broke with the inbreeding and incest culture, after which women rediscovered their own soul and fulfilled their need for genetic diversity.
4: At last Homo sapiens discovered the parallel universe which eliminated sexuality from Heaven (Christianity). But a later mingling from 'inbreeding and incest' with the parallel universe again compromised Heaven sexually and delivered the third stage of Paradise Culture (Islam).
Genetic variation of chimpanzees
http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2012-03-02-chimps-show-much-greater-genetic-diversity-humans
'Common chimpanzees in equatorial Africa have long been recognized as falling into three distinct populations or sub-species: western, central and eastern chimpanzees. A fourth group, the Cameroonian chimpanzee, has been proposed to live in southern Nigeria and western Cameroon, but there has been considerable controversy as to whether it constitutes a distinct group.' (Bonobos below the Congo river.)
(78) Roaming led to bonobo religion
(59) The Killer Hominid
'Surprisingly, even though all the chimpanzees live in relatively close proximity, chimpanzees from different populations were substantially more different genetically than humans living on different continents. That is despite the fact that the habitats of two of the groups (central vs. eastern) are separated only by a river.'
(BD: The same goes for chimps/gorillas north of the Congo river versus bonobos in the south. Great apes cannot swim because of their weird skeleton.)
Genetic variation of bipedal Hominids
- Like chimpanzees, the first bipedal Hominids must have had enormous genetic variation and even with a hampering exchange of juvenile females with other tribes, they would not have died out so easily.
- Then it is just a little step to understand the rise of the inbreeding culture of Australopithecus without too many autosomal recessive disorders over five million years. Inbreeding had all possibilities to develop into a tribal identity cult, into religion. Inbreeding had all time to settle into the human genome.
- And then we also understand the problem of the shrunk genetic variation of Homo sapiens, who inherited the inbreeding culture from Australopiths but not their abundant genetic variation. Human population nearly died out 74,000 years ago through the mount Toba super eruption, a catastrophe by which enormous amounts of volcano ashes came into the atmosphere for 10 years, followed by a thousand-year-long cooling episode.
- Fertility stress was a real instinct of Hominid inbreeding cultures. They practiced 'cousin marriages' to survive as a group, but the awful consequences of inbreeding developed only much later.
In this article the genesis of the myth is brought more into agreement with the evolution from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens. And that is not for nothing, since Australopiths, like chimps, have been weaponized against inbreeding by a much more varied genome than Homo sapiens. This means genetic variation gave them far less autosomal recessive disorders by which very small groups will have survived over millions of years, until two million years ago. And that means the Myth of Paradise must have had a very different meaning in the time of the first bipedal Hominids:
So in the end and for not to die out, they had to correct their sexual culture by capturing or exchanging alien females from other tribes. But this steering of sexual culture is 'religion' and it is questionable if they already realized what they were doing. Anyway, this is the plot for survival of the species:
1) Females had no reasonable chance to fulfil their instinct to outbreeding, since they seldom encountered other tribes and meanwhile they were already fertilized by their own family members.
2) Just like chimpanzees, Australopiths had enormous genetic variation and were less susceptible to autosomal recessive disorders.
Genetic variation of Homo sapiens
(230) The flaw in the Sadia Sheikh trial
About 140,000 years ago human populations from East or Central Africa moved southwards and colonized western southern Africa. The probable nearest living relatives of these source populations are: the Hadzabe people from north-central Tanzania and Mbuti pygmies from the eastern Congo. This migration gave rise to the present-day San hunter-gatherers (Bushmen). The San-people (and the Khoisan-group) are seen as the oldest Homo sapiens with the greatest genetic variation. They are said to show the human population genetic footprints:
On the other hand, out of Africa human population groups worldwide are highly homogeneous genetically. This means, inbreeding with autosomal recessive disorders occurs sooner between Asians and Caucasians than within two neighbouring tribes of San people. They simply have more genetic variation in one tribe than we in the whole world.
San people escaped Mount Toba because they lived in Middle and South Africa:
'it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human worldwide population to the present.'
Well, chimpanzees also have enormous genetic variation and even with a hampering exchange of juvenile females with other tribes they would not die out so easily. But Neanderthals did, however. This is because of the ice age, by which the forests shrunk and groups had growing difficulty in reaching other groups for the exchange of females.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdP-Wjd1qSY
CARTA: The Origin of Us - Fossils of Modern Humans Interbreeding within and outside of Africa.
Knowing their enormous genetic variation it is just a little step to understand the rise of the inbreeding culture of Australopithecus without too many autosomal recessive disorders over a five million years time period. Inbreeding had all possibilities to develop into a tribal identity cult, into religion. Inbreeding had all time to settle into the human genome.
And then we also understand the problem with the shrunk genetic variation of Homo sapiens, who inherited the inbreeding culture from Australopiths but not their abundant genetic variation.
Homo erectus (1,8 Ma)
We are not bound by the Tree of Knowledge, which means knowledge of autosomal recessive disorders. For Homo erectus we may give this tree a different meaning in between Australopithecus and Homo sapiens. Why? Because Homo erectus still had a varied genome and apparently was the first humanlike creature with speech and the onset to dialectic thinking. And the latter capacity can be used for the Tree of Exogamy. Endogamy versus exogamy is a different dimension than inbreeding vs outbreeding. Endogamy accentuates tribal coherence while inbreeding is a genetic matter.
The best example is the religious outer mantle of Islam. Muslims are united on their faith (endogamy) and not on ethnicity or tribal (family) genes (inbreeding):
We only need to reverse the meaning of the Tree of Life into its antipode for the Tree of Exogamy. With that we reverse tribal identity into tribal alienation. By which we mean the mixing of tribal genes with other tribes:
But this is not satisfactory for it is not the main difference between Homo erectus and Australopithecus. The stunning difference is Homo erectus invented earthly reincarnation, in which the Tree of Life also got a different meaning. It was not tribal eternal existence any longer but now it became eternal life for human creatures by reincarnation:
And yeah, that is a paradigm shift:
With earthly reincarnation the problem was ancestors were only willing to reincarnate into the harsh tribal life if the genetic composition of the tribe was not very different from their past. And that meant women had to produce inbred bodies for ancestors. Ancestors were anxious to reincarnate into hybrids as in the Apple from Eve with her alien friend, the Serpent from another tribe:
So it is Homo erectus who developed the dialectic model of de Trees of Paradise:
They also developed this system of checks and balances:
Although it must be said they also developed the genetic diversity culture:
They also invented Sexual Scales of Religion:
Hence, aligned to the mastering of abstract concepts in the evolution, it is not Homo sapiens but Homo erectus who enforced the major religious developments for bipedal primates.
So far, we did not need a Tree of Knowledge prior to the super eruption of Mount Toba 74,000 years ago. Australopiths, as well as Homo erectus, had exuberant genetic variation and were armed against autosomal recessive disorders.
Mount Toba gave birth to the Tree of Knowledge
It seems the mount Toba super eruption was disastrous for the human species. Through this catastrophe enormous amounts of volcano ashes came into the atmosphere for 10 years, followed by a thousand-year-long cooling episode.
So, we have a very logical date for the birth of the present meaning of the Tree of Knowledge. It is the outburst of the supervolcano of Mount Toba. The Tree of Toba. And the real meaning of the Tree of Knowledge must be knowledge of autosomal recessive disorders. And that is exactly 74,000 years ago. Only then the Tree of Knowledge got its present meaning.
It must be said Toba is not that important. Scientific research has found a sharp decline in genetic variation about 70,000 years ago. That is what matters.
The Tree of Knowledge comes from outbreeding and not from God
ADDENDUM 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJdT6QcSbQ0
Remember, there were only a few thousand people left and only several hundreds of them migrated out of Africa. They split up into tribes of tens of humans and therefore the Tree of Life became untenable:
A number of tribes chose for the Tree of Knowledge of autosomal recessive disorders. They are merged with as many tribes as possible to regain genetic variation. This we call exogamous cultures.
But there also was a group who migrated to the Arabian Peninsula and this people carried the genetic burden of the inbreeding instinct.
Pre-Muslims:
Assumption 276: On leaving Africa inbreeding cultures likely entered a harsh desert like environment in the Levant or on the Arabian Peninsula, which changed sexual culture and religion dramatically. Desert life facilitated rigid cultures with order and regularity needed for inbreeding across generations. In later period increased tribal density caused to enlarge the number of inbred bodies to outnumber neighbouring hostile tribes with reincarnated ancestors. A regular society and the need for population growth were impetus for the notorious incubator farms of family semen which are still characteristic for nowadays Islam.
Assumption 277: The last possible origin of cousin marriages lies in the Arabian Peninsula about 50,000 years ago, where first human families (mtDNA =L3N) could not exchange fresh juvenile females with other tribes and desperately had to find new formulas to exchange females within just a few families. This measure from the time derivative of sexual culture might have become instinctive 'religion' for Muslims.
Assumption 278: About 40.000 years ago Homo sapiens (mtDNA = L3N) returned from the Arabian Peninsula and Europe to North Africa, where they developed as Berbers or Imazighen.
mtDNA L3N or L3M
The human male inbreeding instinct is thought to be combined with mtDNA L3N or L3M, which are twins in mtDNA:
Assumption 330: Haplo-groups N from L3N and M from L3M, both groups from mtDNA, are sibling-groups what means both might be connected with the inbreeding instinct in nuDNA.
Assumption 330: Haplo-groups N from L3N and M from L3M, both groups from mtDNA, are sibling-groups what means both might be connected with the inbreeding instinct in nuDNA.
The Toba supervolcanic eruption of 74,000 years ago
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans
Above we saw the second dispersal out of Africa.
'A second dispersal took place via the so-called Southern Route, either before[28] or after[11][12] the Toba event, which happened between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago.[28]This dispersal followed the southern coastline of Asia, crossing about 250 kilometres (155 mi) of sea, and colonized Australia by around 50,000 years ago. According to this theory, Europe was populated either by a migration out of India, which was repopulated from southeast Asia after the Toba-event (pre-Toba hypothesis), or by an early offshoot which settled the Near East and Europe (post-Toba hypothesis).[11][12]'
[N.B. Their are a number of competing theories around the timeline of migration out of Africa.]
Homo sapiens (350 ka; 1400cc)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans
In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens), which proposes a single area of origin for modern humans. According to this model, modern humans evolved in Africa and started to disperse through the world roughly 50,000 to 100,000 years ago. Recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa was cited as the scientific consensus as of the mid-2000s.[1][2]
In the 2010s, the discovery of evidence of archaic admixture of modern humans outside of Africa with Neanderthals and Denisovans has complicated the picture.[5]As of 2011, it appears likely that there were two waves of migration out of Africa, the first taking place between 130,000–115,000 years ago via northern Africa,[6][7][8][9]which appears to have mostly died out or retreated (although there is some evidence of a presence of modern humans in China about 80,000 years ago),[10] and a second via the so-called Southern Route, following the southern coastline of Asia, which led to the lasting colonization of Eurasia and Australia by around 50,000 years ago. Europe was populated by an early offshoot which settled the Near East and Europe (post-Toba hypothesis).[11][12]
-------------------
(2018)
"Recent African origin," or Out of Africa II, refers to the migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) out of Africa after their emergence at c. 300,000 to 200,000 years ago, in contrast to "Out of Africa I", the migration of archaic humans from Africa to Eurasia between roughly 1.8 to 0.5 million years ago.
Since the early 21st century, the picture of "recent single-origin" migrations has become significantly more complex, not just due to the discovery of modern-archaic admixture but also due to the increasing evidence that the "recent out-of-Africa" migration took place in a number of waves spread over a long time period. As of 2010, there were two main accepted dispersal route for the out-of-Africa migration of early anatomically modern humans: via the "Northern Route" (via Nile Valley and Sinai) and the "Southern Route" via the Bab al Mandab strait.[17]
- Posth et al. (2017) suggest that early Homo sapiens, or "another species in Africa closely related to us," might have first migrated out of Africa around 270,000 years ago.[18]
- Finds at Misliya cave, which include a partial jawbone with eight teeth have been dated to around 185,000 years ago. Layers dating from between 250,000 and 140,000 years ago in the same cave contained tools of the Levallois type which could put the date of the first migration even earlier if the tools can be associated with the modern human jawbone finds.[19][20]
- An Eastward Dispersal from Northeast Africa to Arabia during 150–130 kya based on the finds at Jebel Faya dated to 127 kya (discovered in 2011).[4][5] Possibly related to this wave are the finds from Zhirendong cave, Southern China, dated to more than 100 kya.[17] Other evidence of modern human presence in China has been dated to 80,000 years ago.[10]
- The most significant dispersal took place around 70,000 years ago via the so-called Southern Route, either before[21] or after[14][15] the Toba event, which happened between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago.[21] This dispersal followed the southern coastline of Asia, and reached Australia around 65,000-50,000 years ago. Western Asia was "re-occupied" by a different derivation from this wave around 50,000 years ago, and Europe was populated from Western Asia beginning around 43,000 years ago.[17]
- Wells (2003) describes an additional wave of migration after the southern coastal route, namely a northern migration into Europe at circa 45,000 years ago.[note 3] This possibility is ruled out by Macaulay et al. (2005) and Posth et al. (2016), arguing for a single coastal dispersal, with an early offshoot into Europe.
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Dating: pre-or post-Toba
See also: Toba catastrophe theory
The dating of the Southern Dispersal is a matter of dispute.[28] It may have happened either pre- or post-Toba, a catastrophic volcanic eruption that took place between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago at the site of present-day Lake Toba. Stone tools discovered below the layers of ash disposed in India may point to a pre-Toba dispersal, but the exact source of these tools is disputed.[28]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans
Map of the migration of modern humans out of Africa, based on mitochondrial DNA. Colored rings indicate thousand years before present.
(9) The Convergence Theory of Paradise
(84) Forbidden fruit in Paradise
(105) Western Europe, Muslim Paradise on Earth
(116) The Myth of Abraham and Paradise
(148) Paradise Myth will cause WWIII
(220) Retrieving the unconscious (Convergence Theory)
(228) Replacing the Convergence Theory of Paradise
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