SexualReligion: (45) Selective breeding with Homininae

Basic Dimension

http://sexualreligion.blogspot.com/

Number Archive

Assumption 72: SM-dyads and Vanilla-dyads are human interactions. Also within SM-dyad as BDSM play one considers the partner emphatically as a subject. But the partner seen as object, without any empathy can be seen as animal SM-behavior. If there is no equivalence in the sexual relationship, it is called paraphilia. Paraphilia is seen as a sexual perversion in which the erotic contact within an equivalent partnership is not enough. It is seen as an abnormal expression of sexuality.

Assumption 234: Selective breeding with Homininae.

Human family (Hominini) has about the same genome as chimpanzees (Panini). Both evolved as Homininae, from 7 to 4 million years ago. Because Homininae set the first steps towards human religion, chimpanzees are our natural control group.

And then it turns into the evolution, humans and chimpanzees developed the same remarkable split in religion. For the family of chimpanzees (Panini), this became clear with the split into common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). About a similar division split Humans into Muslims and Christians. The behavior of Muslims is somewhat similar to that of common chimpanzees, while bonobos are more like Christians.

The split in Hominini is caused by the harsh environment of the desert (Paradise culture) versus the opulence of heavenly temperate regions (Christianity). And the split in Panini is caused by a shortage of food (common chimpanzee), against the abundant food supply for bonobos south of the Congo River.

Common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Muslims (Islam) developed behavior definitely characterized by unequal sexual roles. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and Christians, however, developed behavior with equivalent sexual relations:

Assumption 203: Sexual deprivation (poverty) strengthens the endogamous group. Promiscuity (wealth) strengthens the exogamous group.

Assumption 240: Polygamy leads to inbreeding in patriarchies (Islam) and to outbreeding in matriarchies (bonobos and elephants).

Moreover, in the evolution chimpanzees practiced selected breeding on their population by killing males, who sought for genetic diversity in other tribes. Only sadistic males survived defending genetic monoculture, though adolescent females were free to wander between tribes looking for genetic diversity.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ki3rWqtAf8o
(40:41/1:22:30)

In the evolution a worse development of selective breeding in Paradise culture (former Islam) culled all human characters not suited for inbreeding and incest, males and females. There, a population evolved with an excess of sadistic males and
masochistic females.

Hence it is questionable if common chimpanzees and bonobos ever will assimilate. The same question arises with Muslims and Christians.

Assumption 204: Forcing a sexually deprived (poor) endogamous group to assimilate within a promiscuous (wealthy) exogamous group means civil war.

Assumption 235: Mammal religion exists by virtue of the balance between endogamy and exogamy, determined by the number of equal sexual roles (Eq.S.R.), caused by empathy.

Scaling Hominini and Panini on these measures learns bonobos outperform humans on both, while Muslims score the worst:

We will discuss this development beginning with the Homininae, 7 million years ago:

Chimpanzees are called Panini and human like creatures are called Hominini. Chimpanzees and Hominini diverged as Homininae from the common ancestor Hominidae, about 14 - 7 million years ago (mya). About 4 mya, Panini and Hominini split apart. Fewer than one million years ago the bonobo (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) species effectively separated as DNA evidence suggests.

From 7- 4 million years ago chimpanzees (Panini) and humans (Hominini) shared the same religious development. Note, both types had 400cc brains and interbred, as they were the same species.

In the following we project our religious model of Hominini (humans) on chimpanzees and see how far it is sustainable in the evolution of Panini. First, we deal with the phase of Homininae, from 7- 4 million years.

We realize to be working in an anthropomorphic environment, though of course, the first Homininae were not yet humans by themselves.

Anthropomorphism, or personification, is attribution of human form or other characteristics to anything other than a human being. Examples include depicting deities with human form, creating fictional non-human animal characters with human physical traits, and ascribing human emotions or motives to forces of nature, such as hurricanes or tropical cyclones.

The Sexual Theory of Religion

The state of the art

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0012438

Discussion

'Overall this broad spectrum comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee cognition demonstrates that species differences in cognition are directly reflected in the most pronounced differences observed in their naturally occurring behavior. Each species outperformed the other on one cognitive scale and in the direction predicted by previous socio-ecological observations, even when controlling for effects of age (i.e. statistically and matching ages). Mirroring individual differences observed in theory of mind development in human children [5], the more cautious and socially tolerant bonobo outperformed chimpanzees on the theory of mind scale. Meanwhile, the prolific tool-using chimpanzee, whose survival is more dependent on extractive foraging,outperformed bonobos in the tool-use and causality scale. This pattern can potentially be interpreted as suggesting that bonobos are more skilled at solving problems requiring an understanding of social causality, while chimpanzees are more skilled at solving problems relating to physical causality.'
(....)

' In other words, while the two species are highly similar and only diverged 1–2 million years ago, the observed socio-ecological differences may have shaped each species psychology in predictable ways. The close genetic relationship between chimpanzees and bonobos and the release of the bonobo genome will permit future comparisons between the genomes of the two species which should aid in identifying heritable differences that underlie any such cognitive differences. Understanding how development evolved between bonobos and chimpanzees can then inform hypotheses regarding cognitive evolution in our own species from our last common ancestor with the Panins.'

(....)

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11128.html

Two African apes are the closest living relatives of humans: the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (Pan paniscus). Although they are similar in many respects, bonobos and chimpanzees differ strikingly in key social and sexual behaviours1, 2, 3, 4, and for some of these traits they show more similarity with humans than with each other.

Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the bonobo genome to study its evolutionary relationship with the chimpanzee and human genomes. We find that more than three per cent of the human genome is more closely related to either the bonobo or the chimpanzee genome than these are to each other. These regions allow various aspects of the ancestry of the two ape species to be reconstructed. In addition, many of the regions that overlap genes may eventually help us understand the genetic basis of phenotypes that humans share with one of the two apes to the exclusion of the other.

The basic dimension of human religion

Assumption 213: Group of higher mammals:

A group of higher mammals exists by virtue of the balance between endogamy and exogamy.

Its endogamous core consists of the power of the alpha male to fertilize all females. Hence, he basically establishes a genetic monoculture by inbreeding and incest, only serving the immediate survival of the group. But in the long run his genes will be over-represented in his descendants, unless competitive males in the exogamous mantle contribute to genetic diversity.

But tension also arises between the sexual desires of the dominant male and females. Since females naturally tend to genetic diversity with other males. Hence, the exogamic outer layer consists of adulterous females chasing genetic diversity with other males and from other groups, what comes down to the permeability of the group.

For humans, the total permeability of the mantle depends on the relation between endogamous repulsion and exogamous attraction of external genes. This relation is the natural base of 'human religion'.

But only on the basis of inbreeding and incest (Islam) permeability is related to endogamy. Endogamous cores in completely permeable cultures as the Enlightenment are derived from other values.

Abstractions of eternal life

Assumption 4: Human religion is the search for eternal life.

Regarding the evolution of human religion we distinguish three abstractions of eternal life of increasing difficulty:

1: Genetic immortality by inbreeding and incest (Homininae, 7-2 mya, (400 cc)).
2: Reincarnation into the (earthly) universe (Homo erectus, 2 mya, (900 cc))
3: Reincarnation into the parallel universe (Homo sapiens, 0.2 mya, (1450 cc))

Perpetual orgasm

For Homininae, joining the group offered protection but imposed also sexual restrictions, for males had little or no sexual relations outside the group. It is what we call an endogamous group. In our theory this has been compensated by satisfactory and rewarding incestuous pedophilia, which also contributed to the genetic identity of the group:

Assumption 233: Perpetual orgasm across generations is a form of pedophilia born out of inbreeding. It first served genetic saturation of the tribe (genetic immortality), in which sexually mature daughters were fertilized by their fathers. In the second instance, this orgasmic lust developed as a reward for inbreeding. In the third instance, mating over generations signified extreme libido, causing perpetual orgasm to develop as the core of human male religion.

Later, perpetual orgasm developed as incestuous pedophilia with sexually immature daughters to avoid autosomal recessive disorders.

Perpetual orgasm across generations is projected in this lifetime ~~and after death~~. In this lifetime, it means raping and fertilizing very young persons. ~~After death, ancestors will mate with distant descendants after reincarnation. And in the ultimate case, very old men want to mate with countless virgins in the parallel universe.~~

According to our religious model Homininae (400 cc) already discovered genetic immortality as a practical form of eternal survival. In this culture fathers fertilized their daughters, in order to ensure tribal identity by genetic saturation in the offspring.

But eternal life by reincarnation arose much later with the start of Homo erectus (900 cc). Later, the question will be dealt whether today's chimpanzees and bonobos can be compared with Homo erectus (2 mya), even though they still have 400 cc but nowadays are highly intelligent.

Sexual Roles

Assumption 1: God is a sexual ideal projection of higher mammals in the alpha male. He personifies the role of polygamous heterosexuality.

Assumption 2: Gods are sexual roles.

Assumption 50: The polytheistic space of gods (in the archetype of God) exists of five sexual dimensions. With two dimensions, heterosexuality is opposed to other sexual roles. With five dimensions it concerns the following hierarchy:

1: First God: male heterosexuality. [Alpha male]
2: Second God: male homosexuality. [homosexual clergy]
3: Third God: female sexual roles
4: Fourth God: pedophilia
5: Fifth God: bestiality

Assumption 236: The permeability of a culture (exogamy or endogamy) is determined by the degree of empathy with sexual roles.

The permeability of a culture (exogamy or endogamy) is determined by the degree of empathy with sexual roles, what is not the same as moral acceptance. When sexual roles - or gods - are considered equal, their members are seen as equivalent subjects, apart from the moral acceptance of their behavior.

The Equal Sexual Roles Rank-order (Eq.S.R.)

If religions are placed on the permeability characteristic, a link is created between animal sexuality and human religion: the Equal Sexual Roles (Eq.S.R.) rank order:

Islam discriminates between all kinds of sexual roles and chimp males oppress females as they wish, Christianity barely acknowledges homosexuality but bonobos consider all sexual roles as equivalent, except mother-son incest:

But Christianity can be understood as the transition from patriarchal to matriarchal religion. Jesus as feminized personification of the female role gives a clear indication to that purpose. This means Christianity can also be seen as an alpha female society developing towards polytheism, towards total individualism. Which means Enlightenment - with a much more turbulent religious evolution ahead -, eventually will surpass the emphatic experience of sexual roles of static bonobo culture.

In mammal groups, religion is universal. On Eq.S.R, the split in Panini religion is in reasonable agreement with the caesura of Hominini:

This means Muslims are somewhat like chimpanzees and Christians morally behave like bonobos.

Now, the problem is the basic dimension of religion is just the main factor triggering a whole set of sub dimensions, all meaning something slightly different. For example only in Islam, all sub dimensions happen to point in the same direction of endogamy, as shown in the table below:

Hence, in Islam women are not free to leave the tribe and will be killed:

Sadia Sheikh and Gülsüm Selim: Tribal endogamy.
Mirjam Abarkan: Religious endogamy.

Sadia Sheikh: (shot in the abdomen several times, died within three days)

http://desanimauxetdeshommes.hautetfort.com/archive/2008/03/21/le-texte-integral-de-l-emission-indices-sur-sadia-sheikh.html

Gülsüm Selim: (strangled with an iron cord and beaten to death with an iron bar)

http://www.stern.de/panorama/fall-guelsuem-s-bruder-gesteht-sogenannten-ehrenmord-659959.html

Mirjam Abarkan: (stabbed into the heart)
http://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2013:2900 http://www.elsevier.nl/Nederland/nieuws/2013/1/Marokkaanse-moeder-heeft-spijt-van-moord-op-dochter- 1157891W/Door Servaas van der Laan:

http://www.dagelijksestandaard.nl/2013/07/de-islam-vermoordde-mirjam#comment-334907

Chimpanzees

But for chimps it works out very differently. Like Islam, chimps also have unequal sexual roles but only if females choose to live with males together. Chimp males live endogamic by themselves (alpha male), but adolescent females are left free to leave the tribe to seek for genetic freedom elsewhere:

What means chimp females choose for the SM-dyad of themselves. Hence ranking Homininae only on equal sexual roles has some repercussions. Roles are not equal but chimp females are free and choose for it.

In our view endogamy vs. exogamy gives the right dimension for mammal religion, but Equal Sexual Roles gives the correct rank order of empathy within Homininae:

This means chimpanzees must feel sufficient empathy for chimp females to acknowledge their sexual role. And that's the fundamental difference with Islam. Within chimp society SM-dyad is a choice. Within Islam, it is terror enforced on women.

Another possibility is chimp males might not feel any empathy but simply are not yet sexually interested in adolescent females. Unlike humans, they might feel natural inhibitions against pedophilia. Then also they probably did not develop perpetual orgasm from genetic immortality since the Homininae.

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

The males of a community regularly patrol their boundaries, and if they encounter individuals of a neighbouring community they may attack with extreme brutality. The only individuals who can move freely between communities are adolescent females who have not yet given birth. They may transfer to a new community permanently or, having become pregnant, move back to their own birth group.

Assumption 235: Where mammal religion exists by virtue of the balance between endogamy and exogamy, empathy is determined by the number of equal sexual roles (Eq.S.R.). Scaling Hominini and Panini on these measures learns bonobos outperform humans on both, while Muslims score the worst.

In general chimp tribes are closed for other males, who will be killed immediately. This is a severe form of endogamy for males. But it is not that strict and there are exceptions on the rule, because relatives or good friends may temporarily join other tribes.

We will conclude chimpanzees are quite endogamous for males, but rather exogamous for females. And of course, a complete human endogamy as in Paradise culture would go extinct in the animal world immediately:

Within chimp tribes there's a hierarchy of males that distributes the females. In these tribes females have no equal sexual roles but they like it because they can leave the group anytime insofar they have not already given birth. Unequal sexual roles are called SM-dyads.

As said earlier, cohorts of young adolescent females are exchanged with other groups. These young chimp females have complete genetic freedom to choose a male and a group. But within groups they must accept to have no natural rights.

So, it appears chimp groups are not quite endogamous, for adolescent chimp females are free to wander between groups in complete freedom. And most of the time chimp adult females do not live within groups, but stay in the periphery with their offspring.

Hence, chimp groups are mixed on endogamy- exogamy and genetic monoculture
- genetic diversity. Remember, genetic monoculture means the alpha male fertilizes most females, though this is diluted by the hierarchy of males:

Autosomal recessive disorders in this way are very well avoided, but on balance, chimps have a much closed endogamous culture for a lot of lower ranked males. Also chimp females are harassed by males in unequal sexual roles. So chimp culture is much better than Islam but much worse than Christianity.

Young chimp females live in freedom and are exchanged with other groups, what is not the case in comparable endogamous Islam:

Chimp groups and Muslim tribes are better comparable if one considers chimp males as living in tribal endogamy within tribes, and adolescent females in religious endogamy between tribes.

Then, chimp males are the prisoners of tribal endogamy, like women as Sadia Sheikh and Gülsüm Selim who were killed in Islam for not accepting arranged marriage with their cousin. And chimp females live in religious endogamy, like Mirjam Abarkan in Islam who was killed because she dated a non-Muslim boyfriend. Seen in ethnic endogamy, bonobos are no chimps as non-Arabs were no Muslims, long ago.

Seen in another perspective, the religious endogamy of Islam could be seen as a slight form of exogamy, because if women accept a Muslim there is plenty of genetic choice in this population of 1.6 billion.

But it is not complete genetic freedom if you don't want a Muslim. And in tribal endogamy a lot of girls is still being killed because they refuse arranged marriages with their cousins. What means Islam stands lower on the ladder of civilization than chimpanzees.

But as said earlier, the fundamental problem with Muslims and chimpanzees is the systematic killing of unwilling characters for the inbreeding and incest culture. In Paradise culture this mostly concerns adulterous women and daughters refusing forced marriages with cousins. In chimp groups it concerns males seeking for genetic diversity in other tribes.

This deformation on psychological traits started 7 million years ago with the Homoninae. In the world, human inbreeding cultures still lead to selected populations on personality traits. In exogamous populations outbreeding after Homo erectus diluted the inbreeding instinct and normalized psychological relations. That's the hypothesis to falsify.

So, it might be hypothesized inbreeding and incest cultures deform personality traits in populations by selective breeding, shaping SM-dyads in sadistic males and masochistic females. And because Christians and bonobos have normal personality traits in Vanilla-dyad, it may be groups will not assimilate easily:

Because both subspecies of Panini, common chimps and bonobos, set free their young adolescent females, this habit probably predates their split into subspecies, about a million years ago. And to avoid extinction we better put it back even further to the start of the Homininae fase of 7- 4 m y a. And from there, child marriages of Islam could easily have been developed; child marriages, moreover, without genetic freedom.

Concluding, because the Congo River is a barrier between chimps and bonobos, they did not merge for a million years, and meanwhile they have got another faith or got other genes, causing very different sexual habits.

Without the Congo River and without the disappearance of Gorillas from the bonobo area, both subspecies probably would not have differed genetically.
But nowadays chimps and bonobos will not assimilate because of genetically very different psychological traits in their populations.

This might be a lesson for the assimilation of Muslims in Western society. Very probably Muslims have the same genes as other humans, but in the evolution Paradise culture killed unwilling characters systematically and on a massive scale. That's why Muslims and non-Muslims probably developed populations with different personality traits.

Human religion and bonobo religion

The Christian church tries to be a monotheistic institute with only one God. This means an almighty heterosexual God at one cultural or religious dimension. The Christian church is what we call the endogamous heart of Western culture.

But the teachings of Jesus learned something quite different. Jesus represents exogamous genetic diversity in the mantle of Western culture.

Jesus is the personification of 'other sexual roles', which is the anti-projection of God. And Jesus as the son of God must be a God himself too. This means with two gods all sexual roles are consciously and emphatically known in Christianity.

Assumption 50: The polytheistic space of gods (in the archetype of God) exists of five sexual dimensions. With two dimensions, heterosexuality is opposed to other sexual roles. With five dimensions it concerns the following hierarchy:

1: First God: male heterosexuality. [Alpha male]
2: Second God: male homosexuality. [homosexual clergy]
3: Third God: female sexual roles
4: Fourth God: pedophilia
5: Fifth God: bestiality

But in Islam, Mohammed cannot be a God because Muslims can never be gods. What means there exist only one God in the conscious of Muslim males. All other sexual roles are suppressed to the unconscious. Would Muslims recognize homosexuality, Allah lost his only rule immediately and Muslim males lost their power over females. That's why real monotheism never will accept homosexuality.

Now we know monotheism of Islam kills homosexuals and the Christian church has great difficulty accepting them. That's why bonobos stand higher on the ladder of civilization than Christians:

Bonobos

Unlike chimpanzees, bonobo males have been observed mating with females from other groups. Hence, bonobo males are exogamic.

And like chimps, bonobos also systematically place young females into other groups, where they have the choice to genetic diversity and may choose their own male.
Furthermore, bonobo males do not know their own offspring. Hence inbreeding among offspring is non-selective breeding. Hence, and for a lot of other reasons, bonobos are an exogamous group for males and females, like Christians:

Homininae

Incestuous pedophilia with immature daughters

The precise interaction between perpetual orgasm (incest) and the saturation of genes (inbreeding) is unknown yet. Raping of sexually mature daughters (incest) might have been justified by genetic saturation (inbreeding). But later in the evolution mature daughters have been replaced by sexually immature daughters, because of autosomal recessive disorders. Of course, hereby the link with inbreeding was broken and perpetual orgasm further developed into hard pedophilia (rape).

This change to sexually immature daughters is called displacement of perpetual orgasm across generations. For Hominini, incest with sexually mature daughters has been forbidden in a long, long struggle for millions of years:

But pedophilia with sexually immature girls does not matter and is the first displacement (or substitution) in Homininae culture. Remember, with sexually
immature persons perpetual orgasm lost every connection with inbreeding.

Projecting Hominin religion on Panini culture:

As a 'logical' result of the raping of immature daughters, they were sold for child marriage just before sexual maturity. It also is a form of outbreeding. This way, institutionalized pedophilia became the evolutionary end stage of inbreeding cultures based on the SM-dyad (unequal sexual roles) of the Homininae. A good example is child marriages in Islamic culture:

Because humans and chimpanzees as Homininae (7 mya) were of the same kind, the first phase of genetic immortality also includes nowadays chimps and bonobos. What means ancient Panini must have known incestuous pedophilia with sexually immature
daughters. But only groups whose fathers no longer fertilized their mature daughters
survived evolution. That's why, raping daughters no longer occurs.

Of course, selling sexually matured daughters for money is a sophisticated pastime for humans later in the evolution. But nowadays chimps and bonobos practice something similar. Prepubescent females are exchanged between groups on a massive scale to prevent autosomal recessive disorders. But this relocation is not about money as in the Muslim culture but could be seen as barter.

Note, for chimps appears no link between pedophilia and the subsequent phase of exchange of adolescent females. This may mean chimpanzees do not know perpetual orgasm. For bonobos the situation is unclear and for them perpetual orgasm across generations seems to exist.

We think the behavior of current Panini and Hominini can already be explained from the Homininae phase. And the ancient inbreeding and incest culture is still the basis of today's Islamic culture.

But since the discovery of earthly reincarnation by Homo erectus, genetic diversity got more opportunities, particularly for females, culminating in absolute freedom for women in the parallel universe of Christianity.

This article is open ended and not conclusive. So far we see clear parallels between Hominini and Panini religion. Below we try to fill in some white areas but of course it would be silly to expect perfect agreement. However, the table below seems certainly true:

ANNEX:

The factorized basic dimension of human religion

The main dimension of mammal religion can be seen as a cluster of variables. What we have to do is to see how far next cluster of human Hominini factors agrees with animal Panini factors:

Closed group - Open group:

http://knowledgenuts.com/2013/08/18/the-difference-between-chimps-and-bonobos/

Although the physical variations between chimps and bonobos are interesting, what’s even more fascinating is their behavioral and social differences. Overall, bonobos have a “make love, not war” mentality, which is in stark contrast to the often aggressive and violent manner of chimps. For bonobos, sex is used for almost everything, including avoiding conflict, showing affection, reducing stress, solidifying social status, and simply saying “hello.” Bonobos are much more likely to keep the peace by offering a sexual favor, whereas a chimpanzee’s first instinct is to secure dominance through battle. In chimp groups, the highest-ranking male is the only one allowed to mate with the females, but in bonobo cultures, everyone has sexual freedom, and sex acts occur between all combinations of ages and genders.

Homosexual acts are especially common among female bonobos, which they use to create strong emotional bonds and maintain social dominance over the males. In fact, bonobos have peaceful, matriarchal societies. Chimps are led by an alpha male and occasionally kill each other. Chimp groups keep very strict boundaries, which they viciously defend. In contrast, bonobos allow for overlap in their territories and will even mate across community lines.

Chimps:

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

Chimpanzees' social structure can be categorized as "fusion-fission." This means they travel around in small subgroups of up to 10 chimps, the membership of which is always changing as individuals wander off on their own or join other groups. At times many of a community's members come together in large excited gatherings, usually when fruit is available in one part of the range, or when a sexually popular female comes into oestrus (period of female sexual receptivity).

Individuals may switch groups on occasion, but close, supportive, affectionate bonds also develop between family members and other individuals within a community, that can last a lifetime. Chimpanzee family bonds are very strong, especially mother-daughter bonds. Mothers and dependent young up to age seven or so are always together. Some individuals travel together more often than others—such as siblings and pairs of male friends. Contact is maintained between members of the scattered groups by means of the distance call: the pant hoot.

Females disperse from the natal group once they are mature and spend most of their time alone, with dependent offspring. Males usually remain in natal groups, cooperate in defense of the community range, and spend long periods of time in proximity to other males. Males will sometimes form coalitions with each other to support each other during conflicts with other groups.

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

The males of a community regularly patrol their boundaries, and if they encounter individuals of a neighbouring community they may attack with extreme brutality. The only individuals who can move freely between communities are adolescent females who have not yet given birth. They may transfer to a new community permanently or, having become pregnant, move back to their own birth group.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are extraordinarily hostile to males from outside the community. Parties of males 'patrol' for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone, and attack those single males, often killing them.^[62]

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

Since there is a hierarchy system in chimp societies, most disputes within a community can be solved by threats rather than actual attacks. They use gestures and postures to indicate threat, such as: tipping the head, making hitting gestures, flapping hands in the air, swaying branches, throwing objects, and charging towards another. These gestures are often combined with vocalizations.
Chimpanzees are however, capable of physical violence. In 1974, Dr. Jane observed a 4 year territory war between two groups of chimps that ended with one group killing all of the other chimps in the other group. This was the first recorded account of non-human primate warfare.

Infanticide also occurs within chimp communities. Male chimps sometimes kill infant chimpanzees, for a variety of proposed reasons, but it is most commonly thought to promote the female who he is mating with, to wean his offspring sooner and to ensure that the offspring is his.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee#Behavior

Chimpanzees live in large multi-male and multi-female social groups, which are called communities. Within a community, the position of an individual and the influence the individual has on others dictates a definite social hierarchy. Chimpanzees live in a leaner hierarchy wherein more than one individual may be dominant enough to dominate other members of lower rank. Typically, a dominant male is referred to as the alpha male. The alpha male is the highest-ranking male that controls the group and maintains order during disputes.

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

This does not appear to be the behavior of bonobo males or females, which seem to prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation with outsiders. In fact, the Japanese scientists who have spent the most time working with wild bonobos describe the species as extraordinarily peaceful, and de Waal has documented how bonobos may often resolve conflicts with sexual contact (hence the "make love, not war" characterization for the species). Between groups, social mingling may occur, in which members of different communities have sex and groom each other, behavior which is unheard of among common chimpanzees. Conflict is still possible between rival groups of bonobos, but no official scientific reports of it exist. The ranges of bonobos and chimpanzees are separated by the Congo River, with bonobos living to the south of it, and chimpanzees to the north.^[63]^[64] It has been hypothesized that bonobos are able to live a more peaceful lifestyle in part because of an abundance of nutritious vegetation in their natural habitat, allowing them to travel and forage in large parties.^[65]

Endogamy - Exogamy:

Chimps:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are extraordinarily hostile to males from outside the community. Parties of males 'patrol' for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone, and attack those single males, often killing them.^[62]

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

Dominance Hierarchies & Mating

Within a chimp community, a male hierarchy, ordered more or less in linear fashion, establishes social standing, with one male at the top or "alpha" position. All adult males dominate all females, although females have their own hierarchy, albeit much straightforward. Age is a deciding factor in male dominance hierarchies - the alpha-male is usually between the age of 20 and 26. Other factors that determine dominance and social status are physical fitness, aggressiveness, skill at fighting, ability to form coalitions, intelligence, and other personality trait. Status is either maintained or changed through communication and social interactions, as physical competition and grooming.

Chimps:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are extraordinarily hostile to males from outside the community. Parties of males 'patrol' for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone, and attack those single males, often killing them.^[62]

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

The males of a community regularly patrol their boundaries, and if they encounter individuals of a neighbouring community they may attack with extreme brutality. The only individuals who can move freely between communities are adolescent females who have not yet given birth. They may transfer to a new community permanently or, having become pregnant, move back to their own birth group.

Comment: Well it looks like complete exogamy for chimp females with full genetic diversity.

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

This does not appear to be the behavior of bonobo males or females, which seem to prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation with outsiders.

Between groups, social mingling may occur, in which members of different communities have sex and groom each other, behavior which is unheard of among common chimpanzees.

Genetic monoculture - Genetic diversity:

Bonobos:

http://www.bonobo.org/bonobos/what-is-a-bonobo/

Bonobos have a male philopatric society; males remain with their birth group whereas females migrate to other groups during adolescence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Adolescent females often leave their native community to join another community. This migration mixes the bonobo gene pools, providing genetic diversity. Sexual bonding with other females establishes these new females as members of the group.

http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/bonobo/behav

As a tactic to avoid inbreeding, adolescent female bonobos emigrate from their natal groups at around seven years-old and join another group where they will produce their first offspring by the age of 13 or 14 (Rowe 1996; de Waal 1997).

At seven to nine years old, [bonobo] females emigrate from their natal groups to another group where they spend much time trying to initiate social interactions with dominant older adult females (Furuichi 1989). It is important for young, immigrant females to develop relationships with other females in their new groups because this is one of the strongest relationships in bonobo society. Unlike chimpanzees, females tend to have more cohesion with other females than with males, though there is evidence that as group size increases, cohesion between males and females increases (White 1988; 1996).

Because females within the community are unlikely to be related, it is unusual that female bonobos show such strong affiliation with one another in parties and within communities. Paradoxically, males in bonobo communities are related to one another and show little affiliative behavior (White 1996).

Sexual deprevation (poverty) - Promiscuity (wealth):

Assumption 203: Sexual deprivation (poverty) strengthens the endogamous group. Promiscuity (wealth) strengthens the exogamous group.

Assumption 204: Forcing a sexually deprived (poor) endogamous group to assimilate within a promiscuous (wealthy) exogamous group means civil war.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/3/l_073_03.html

Why, then, have chimps not evolved this social structure? The answer may lie in the history of the habitats they occupy. Both species of primates live in tropical forests along the Zaire River -- chimps north of the river, bonobos to the south. Their environments seem to be quite similar today. But about 2.5 million years ago, there seems to have been a lengthy drought in southern Zaire that wiped out the preferred food plants of gorillas and sent the primates packing. After the drought ended, the forests returned, but the gorillas did not.

Chimpanzees in this environment south of the river had the forest to themselves, and could exploit the fiber foods that had previously been eaten by gorillas -- foods that are still eaten by gorillas to the north. With this additional food to tide them over between fruit trees, they could travel in larger, more stable parties, and form strong social bonds. They became bonobos.

On the north side of the river, the chimps had to share their niche with gorillas, which eat the fiber foods. The chimps have to compete for fruit, and occasionally meat, food resources that tend to be widely scattered. Female chimps disperse into the forest with their infants to find enough to eat, and cannot spend time together to forge strong bonds. The changes in social behavior that occurred in response to this environmental factor may be what led chimps down a different evolutionary path, toward a society more prone to violence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo

Along with the common chimpanzee, the bonobo is the closest extant relative to humans. Because the two species are not proficient swimmers, the formation of the Congo River 1.5–2 million years ago possibly led to the speciation of the bonobo. Bonobos live south of the river, and thereby were separated from the ancestors of the common chimpanzee, which live north of the river.

Chimps:

http://www.eva.mpg.de/3chimps/files/apes.htm

Sexual behaviour:

High ranking males monopolize and guard females in estrus

http://evolutionaryanthropology.duke.edu/research/3chimps/chimps-bonobos

Very little sexual behavior observed in adults outside of reproductive contexts.

http://www.janegoodall.ca/about-chimp-behaviour-social-organization.php

There are several mating patterns seen in chimps. Some females in oestrus (period of sexual receptivity) are more attractive than others. A popular female may be accompanied by many or all the adult males of her community, with adolescents and juveniles tagging along. Or, the dominant male of the group may show possessive behaviour toward her, trying to prevent other males from mating with her. A third mating pattern is a consortship, during which a male persuades a female to accompany him to a peripheral part of the community range. If he can keep her there until the time of ovulation, he has a good chance of siring her child. Even low-ranking males can become fathers in this way, if they have the skill to lead a female away during her fertile period of her reproductive cycle.

Bonobos:

http://www.eva.mpg.de/3chimps/files/apes.htm

Sexual behaviour:

used for social bondage
pairs can include all age and sex combinations
reduction of tension
elicit social or food benefits
frequent homosexual interactions esp. in females
Used as greeting, conflict resolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Bonobos are found only south of the Congo River and north of the Kasai River (a tributary of the Congo),^[75] in the humid forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo of central Africa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

It has been hypothesized that bonobos are able to live a more peaceful lifestyle in part because of an abundance of nutritious vegetation in their natural habitat, allowing them to travel and forage in large parties.^[65]

http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/bonobo/behav

One of the most significant and defining characteristics of bonobo societies is sexual behavior. Sex serves purposes other than reproduction such as appeasement, affection, social status, erotic games, reconciliation, excitement, and stress reduction (de Waal 1997). Sex occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions. Sex, particularly genito-genital rubbing (G-G rubbing), facilitates and strengthens the bond between female bonobos (de Waal 1997). It is used in food-sharing interactions between females. Nonreproductive copulation is often seen between males and females as well. While males rarely share food, when subordinate females beg for food from dominant males, the likelihood that the male will share is greatly increased if they first copulate (Blount 1990). It is important to remember, though, that sex is primarily a function of stress reduction at feeding sites not as currency for food (Blount 1990).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee#Behavior

Bonobos frequently have sex, sometimes to help prevent and resolve conflicts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Because of the promiscuous mating behavior of female bonobos, there is a great deal of paternal uncertainty. If a male cannot be sure which offspring are his, he is less likely to invest any time or energy caring for them. It is because of this lack of certainty that the entirety of parental care in bonobos is assumed by the mothers.^[39]

Sexual activity generally plays a major role in bonobo society, being used as what some scientists perceive as a greeting, a means of forming social bonds, a means of conflict resolution, and postconflict reconciliation.^[40] Bonobos are the only non-human animal to have been observed engaging in all of the following sexual activities: face-to-face genital sex (though a pair of western gorillas has been photographed performing face-to-face genital sex^[41]), tongue kissing, and oral sex.^[42]

Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual activity between mothers and their adult sons.

Bonobo males occasionally engage in various forms of male–male genital behavior,^[43]^[49]which is the non-human analog of frotting, engaged in by human males. In one form, two bonobo males hang from a tree limb face-to-face while penis fencing.^[43]^[50]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Compared to common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth, enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society. Also, bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity. Adult male bonobos have sex with infants.^[51] Frans de Waal, an ethologist who has studied bonobos remarked, "A lot of the things we see, like pedophilia and homosexuality, may be leftovers that some now consider unacceptable in our particular society."^[52]

Inbreeding - Outbreeding:

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Compared to common chimpanzees, bonobo females resume the genital swelling cycle much sooner after giving birth, enabling them to rejoin the sexual activities of their society. Also, bonobo females which are sterile or too young to reproduce still engage in sexual activity. Adult male bonobos have sex with infants.^[51] Frans de Waal, an ethologist who has studied bonobos remarked, "A lot of the things we see, like pedophilia and homosexuality, may be leftovers that some now consider unacceptable in our particular society."^[52]

Male [(m) subject (f) object] -
Female: [(m) subject (f) subject]:

Chimps:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/3/l_073_03.html

Male dominance plays a big role in chimp society. Disputes are often resolved by threatening displays or by fighting. Female chimps lead a life much more solitary than that their bonobo cousins, and are sometimes harassed by the much larger males. Sex is strictly about reproduction, and reproductive tactics can include infanticide -- the killing of offspring unrelated to a male chimp. Infanticidal individuals remove potential competitors to their own offspring, and the mother, without an infant to care for, will become available for mating again much sooner.

http://knowledgenuts.com/2013/08/18/the-difference-between-chimps-and-bonobos/

The biggest differences between the two are in how they govern their societies: Chimps are led by an alpha male and tend to maintain order through aggression, while bonobos are dominated by females and keep the peace through sex.

Bonobos:

Overall, bonobos have a “make love, not war” mentality, which is in stark contrast to the often aggressive and violent manner of chimps. For bonobos, sex is used for almost everything, including avoiding conflict, showing affection, reducing stress, solidifying social status, and simply saying “hello.” Bonobos are much more likely to keep the peace by offering a sexual favor, whereas a chimpanzee’s first instinct is to secure dominance through battle. In chimp groups, the highest-ranking male is the only one allowed to mate with the females, but in bonobo cultures, everyone has sexual freedom, and sex acts occur between all combinations of ages and genders.

Homosexual acts are especially common among female bonobos, which they use to create strong emotional bonds and maintain social dominance over the males. In fact, bonobos have peaceful, matriarchal societies. Chimps are led by an alpha male and occasionally kill each other. Chimp groups keep very strict boundaries, which they viciously defend. In contrast, bonobos allow for overlap in their territories and will even mate across community lines.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/07/3/l_073_03.html

In contrast, bonobo society is marked by the strong bonds that develop between unrelated females and by almost constant sexual activity amongst all members of a group. Bonobos apparently use sex to reinforce bonds within the group and to resolve conflict. What evolutionary advantages do these behaviors offer?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual activity between mothers and their adult sons.

http://www.bonobo.org/whatisabonobo.html

Bonobo communities are peace-loving and egalitarian. Bonobos are considered to have a matriarchal society, meaning that females have a higher social status than males and social interactions are female-centered and female-dominated. Females have strong social bonds amongst themselves, but they do not exclude males.

Sadism - Masochism:

Chimps:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee#Behavior

The common chimpanzee tends to display greater aggression than does the bonobo.^[36]

Aggression:

Adult common chimpanzees, particularly males, can be very aggressive. They are highly territorial and are known to kill other chimps.^[57]

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee#Behavior

The bonobo, on the other hand, has a mostly frugivorous diet and an egalitarian, nonviolent, matriarchal, sexually receptive behavior.^[34]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Recent studies show that there are significant brain differences between bonobos and chimps. The brain anatomy of bonobos has more developed and larger regions assumed to be vital for feeling empathy, sensing distress in others and feeling anxiety, which makes them less aggressive and more empathic than their close relatives. They also have a thick connection between the amygdala, an important area that can spark aggression, and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, which helps control impulses. This thicker connection may make them better in regulating their emotional impulses and behavior.^[66]

SM-dyad - Vanilla-dyad:

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Primatologist Frans de Waal states bonobos are capable of altruism, compassion, empathy, kindness, patience, and sensitivity,^[3] and described "bonobo society" as a "gynecocracy".^[34]^[a][Matriarchy, BD].(...) Some primatologists have argued that de Waal's data reflect only the behavior of captive bonobos, suggesting that wild bonobos show levels of aggression closer to what is found among chimpanzees. De Waal has responded that the contrast in temperament between bonobos and chimpanzees observed in captivity is meaningful, because it controls for the influence of environment. The two species behave quite differently even if kept under identical conditions.^[36]A 2014 study also found bonobos to be less aggressive than chimpanzees, particularly eastern chimpanzees.

Most studies indicate that females have a higher social status in bonobo society. Aggressive encounters between males and females are rare, and males are tolerant of infants and juveniles.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Recent studies show that there are significant brain differences between bonobos and chimps. The brain anatomy of bonobos has more developed and larger regions assumed to be vital for feeling empathy, sensing distress in others and feeling anxiety, which makes them less aggressive and more empathic than their close relatives. They also have a thick connection between the amygdala, an important area that can spark aggression, and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, which helps control impulses. This thicker connection may make them better in regulating their emotional impulses and behavior.^[66]

Guilt allocation - Penance:

Hatred - Love:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Bonobo society is dominated by females, and severing the lifelong alliance between mothers and their male offspring may make them vulnerable to female aggression. De Waal has warned of the danger of romanticizing bonobos: "All animals are competitive by nature and cooperative only under specific circumstances" and that "when first writing about their behaviour, I spoke of 'sex for peace' precisely because bonobos had plenty of conflicts. There would obviously be no need for peacemaking if they lived in perfect harmony."^[67]
Surbeck and Hohmann showed in 2008 that bonobos sometimes do hunt monkey species. Five incidents were observed in a group of bonobos in Salonga National Park, which seemed to reflect deliberate cooperative hunting. On three occasions, the hunt was successful, and infant monkeys were captured and eaten.^[57]

Allah - Jesus:

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

As in other great apes and humans, third party affiliation toward the victim – the affinitive contact made toward the recipient of an aggression by a group member other than the aggressor – is present in bonobos.^[72] A 2013 study ^[73] found that both the affiliation spontaneously offered by a bystander to the victim and the affiliation requested by the victim (solicited affiliation) can reduce the probability of further aggression by group members on the victim (this fact supporting the Victim-Protection Hypothesis)

Monotheism - Polytheism:

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

Bonobos do not form permanent monogamous sexual relationships with individual partners. They also do not seem to discriminate in their sexual behavior by sex or age, with the possible exception of abstaining from sexual activity between mothers and their adult sons.

Cultural absolutism - Cultural relativism:

Chimps:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee#Behavior

Chimpanzees live in large multi-male and multi-female social groups, which are called communities. Within a community, the position of an individual and the influence the individual has on others dictates a definite social hierarchy. Chimpanzees live in a leaner hierarchy wherein more than one individual may be dominant enough to dominate other members of lower rank. Typically, a dominant male is referred to as the alpha male. The alpha male is the highest-ranking male that controls the group and maintains order during disputes. In chimpanzee society, the 'dominant male' sometimes is not the largest or strongest male but rather the most manipulative and political male that can influence the goings on within a group.

Bonobos:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo#Behavior

While social hierarchies do exist, rank plays a less prominent role than in other primate societies.

More often than the males, female bonobos engage in mutual genital behavior, possibly to bond socially with each other, thus forming a female nucleus of bonobo society. The bonding among females enables them to dominate most of the males. Although male bonobos are individually stronger, they cannot stand alone against a united group of females.^[43]

One dimensionality - Multidimensionality:

Social pressure - Individuality:

http://www.bonobo.org/bonobos/what-is-a-bonobo/

Bonobos are one of humankind’s closest living relatives, sharing more than 98% of our DNA. These great apes are complex beings with profound intelligence, emotional expression, and sensitivity. In contrast to the competitive, male-dominated culture of chimpanzees, bonobo society is peaceful, matriarchal, and more egalitarian. Sex transcends reproduction, as it does in human society, and serves to promote bonding, reduce tensions, and share pleasure.

http://www.bonobo.org/bonobos/what-is-a-bonobo/

"Make Love, Not War"

Bonobos seem to ascribe to the 1960s hippie credo, "make love, not war." They make a lot of love, and do so in every conceivable fashion. Beyond that, they are very loving too, showing care and compassion for each other in many ways. Sex in bonobo society transcends reproduction, as it does in humans. It serves as a way of bonding, exchanging energy and sharing pleasure.

Bonobos have been described as "pansexual" by psychologist Frans de Waal. Sex permeates the fabric of bonobo society, weaving through all aspects of daily life. It serves an important function in keeping the society together, maintaining peaceful, cooperative relations. Besides heterosexual contact, both male and female bonobos engage in same-sex encounters, and even group sex occurs. Female-female contact, or "GG-rubbing," is actually the most common.

Unlike other apes, bonobos frequently copulate face-to-face, looking into each others eyes. When bonobo groups meet in the forest, they greet each other, bond sexually, and share food instead of fighting. Likewise, almost any conflict between bonobos is eased by sexual activity, grooming, or sharing food.

Like humans, bonobo females are sexually receptive throughout most of their estrus cycle. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), on the other hand, only mate during the few days when a female is fertile. Generally, the ranking males in chimp society "get the girls." Male chimps make macho displays to impress females and can be quite vehement in their demands.

Consequently, chimp females do not have much control over who they mate with. Bonobo males tend to be a bit more polite. They ask first, by displaying themselves in a persuasive but non-aggressive manner, offering food or making other propositions - and bonobo females have the right to refuse.

The sexual aspect of bonobo behavior is best understood in the context of bonobo culture. Sex does not necessarily mean the same thing to a bonobo that it does to a human. However, it raises compelling questions about the roots of human nature, and is particularly striking in contrast to chimpanzee society. Scholars continue to study this unique phenomenon and debate its implications.

This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attibution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.

SexualReligion

Saturday, 13 June 2015

(45) Selective breeding with Homininae

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Aggression:

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