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Basic Dimension
http://sexualreligion.blogspot.com/
Number Archive
Assumption 374: A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defense. Bipedal primates did not exchange the forests for the savannas without this simple and effective protection against predators. Spears were not invented but arose naturally from their environment. Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie. First bipeds themselves invented nothing, no stone tools, but wooden tools came on their way.
Assumption 385: If the crucial humanizer was the bipedal mutation, we expect mathematical rational thinking rudimentary presented in the first bipedal primates, seven million years ago. According to the normal IQ-distribution there must have been super intelligent Australopiths and Homo naledi. Then, we can expect savants - like mathematics genius prodigy Daniel Tammet - also to be represented in the earliest bipedal hominids, as well as mathematics being an integral part of the human brain. Space is mathematics, scientific thinking may be the essence of the bipedal mutation. https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6co1kq
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6387611.stm
Chimps had not been previously observed hunting other animals with tools.
Pruetz and Bertolani made the discovery at their research site in Fongoli, Senegal, between March 2005 and July 2006.
"There were hints that this behaviour might occur, but it was one time at a different site," said Jill Pruetz, assistant professor of anthropology at Iowa State University, US. "While in Senegal for the spring semester, I saw about 13 different hunting bouts. So it really is habitual."
Jabbing weapon
Chimpanzees were observed jabbing the spears into hollow trunks or branches, over and over again. After the chimp removed the tool, it would frequently smell or lick it.
In the vast majority of cases, the chimps used the tools in the manner of a spear, not as probes. The researchers say they were using enough force to injure an animal that may have been hiding inside. However, they did not photograph the behaviour, or capture it on film. In one case, Pruetz and Bertolani, from the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies in Cambridge, UK, witnessed a chimpanzee extract a bushbaby with a spear.
In most cases, the Fongoli chimpanzees carried out four or more steps to manufacture spears for hunting. In all but one of the cases, chimps broke off a living branch to make their tool. They would then trim the side branches and leaves.
In a number of cases, chimps also trimmed the ends of the branch and stripped it of bark. Some chimps also sharpened the tip of the tool with their teeth.
Female lead
Adult males have long been regarded as the hunters in chimp groups.
But the authors of the paper in Current Biology said females, particularly adolescent females, and young chimps in general were seen exhibiting this behaviour more frequently than adult males.
"It's classic in primates that when there is a new innovation, particularly in terms of tool use, the younger generations pick it up very quickly. The last ones to pick up are adults, mainly the males," said Dr Pruetz, who led the National Geographic Society-funded project.
This is because young chimps pick the skill up from their mothers, with whom they spend a lot of their time.
"It's a niche that males seem to ignore," Dr Pruetz told BBC News.
Many areas where chimpanzees live are also home to the red colobus monkey, which the chimps hunt. However, the Senegal site is lacking in this species, so chimps may have needed to adopt a new hunting strategy to catch a different prey - bushbaby.
The authors conclude that their findings support a theory that females may have played a similarly important role in the evolution of tool technology among early humans.
Australopithecus
We can not equate quadrupeds with bipeds, for bipeds made a genetic paradigm shift in their brains 7 million years ago:
The Lunate Sulcus by Ralph Holloway
Ralph Holloway is an endocast specialist who studies the inside skull to determine brain development of hominins. He also investigated the skull of Salam (3.3 Ma; 400cc; Ethiopia) and discovered the three years old child's brain was already rewired and different from chimps. The lunate sulcus marking vision structures had moved back on the skull making place for a larger neo cortex. So Salam was already more intelligent than chimps with 400cc brains:
So remember, it is not just brainsize but also wiring. Hence, don't be depressed 😉.
The major consequence of bipedality is inbreeding
A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defence
Assumption 374: A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defense. Bipedal primates did not exchange the forests for the savannas without this simple and effective protection against predators. Spears were not invented but arose naturally from their environment. Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie. First bipeds themselves invented nothing, no stone tools, but wooden tools came on their way.
Spears from Australopiths probably were much more advanced than from chimps
Even though the first bipedal primates lived seven million years sooner than nowadays chimps, we can assign them more opportunities to develop spears as weapons against predators.
The primate paradigm shift must have been a whole neurological rewiring in conjunction with bipedality. This because Australopiths otherwise would have been completely defenseless on leaving the trees. So they must have invented spears before leaving the trees. They must have defended themselves already excellently against predators, otherwise they would have been extinct long ago. And with Homo naledi they survived for 7 million years. So, this is a joke:
Modifying the Pruetz Bertolani model for Australopiths
We start with the Pruetz Bertolani model, which we then adapt for Australopiths:
Fongoli chimpanzees in Senegal:
In most cases, the Fongoli chimpanzees carried out four or more steps to manufacture spears for hunting. In all but one of the cases:
1) chimps broke off a living branch to make their tool. They would then
2) trim the side branches and leaves. In a number of cases, chimps also
3) trimmed the ends of the branch and
4) stripped it of bark. Some chimps also
5) sharpened the tip of the tool with their teeth.
The Australopith's spearmodel
But throwing stones can be done only in the neighbourhood of the place to live because stones are too heavy to transport through the savannas. That leaves branches as the first and only weapon for Australopithecines. Just like chimps they would have beaten their attackers with very heavy branches. But heavy sticks cannot be transported over large distances.
Wandering around the forests they experienced entrained branches automatically worn on rocky soil. They themselves invented nothing. So, they came up with the idea of a sharpened point. They also noticed sharp points could be made easily against sharp rocks. They needed not to invent the stone hand axe, because this encounter with sharp rock walls precedes this invention. So, the first Australopithecines invented nothing by themselves and if necessary they escaped into the trees.
On second thought we imply heavier spears:
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http://sexualreligion.blogspot.com/
Number Archive
Assumption 374: A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defense. Bipedal primates did not exchange the forests for the savannas without this simple and effective protection against predators. Spears were not invented but arose naturally from their environment. Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie. First bipeds themselves invented nothing, no stone tools, but wooden tools came on their way.
Assumption 385: If the crucial humanizer was the bipedal mutation, we expect mathematical rational thinking rudimentary presented in the first bipedal primates, seven million years ago. According to the normal IQ-distribution there must have been super intelligent Australopiths and Homo naledi. Then, we can expect savants - like mathematics genius prodigy Daniel Tammet - also to be represented in the earliest bipedal hominids, as well as mathematics being an integral part of the human brain. Space is mathematics, scientific thinking may be the essence of the bipedal mutation. https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6co1kq
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6387611.stm
Chimpanzees 'hunt using spears'
Chimpanzees in Senegal have been observed making and using wooden spears to hunt other primates, according to a study in the journal Current Biology.
Researchers documented 22 cases of chimps fashioning tools to jab at smaller primates sheltering in cavities of hollow branches or tree trunks. The report's authors, Jill Pruetz and Paco Bertolani, said the finding could have implications for human evolution.Chimps had not been previously observed hunting other animals with tools.
Pruetz and Bertolani made the discovery at their research site in Fongoli, Senegal, between March 2005 and July 2006.
"There were hints that this behaviour might occur, but it was one time at a different site," said Jill Pruetz, assistant professor of anthropology at Iowa State University, US. "While in Senegal for the spring semester, I saw about 13 different hunting bouts. So it really is habitual."
Jabbing weapon
Chimpanzees were observed jabbing the spears into hollow trunks or branches, over and over again. After the chimp removed the tool, it would frequently smell or lick it.
In the vast majority of cases, the chimps used the tools in the manner of a spear, not as probes. The researchers say they were using enough force to injure an animal that may have been hiding inside. However, they did not photograph the behaviour, or capture it on film. In one case, Pruetz and Bertolani, from the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies in Cambridge, UK, witnessed a chimpanzee extract a bushbaby with a spear.
In most cases, the Fongoli chimpanzees carried out four or more steps to manufacture spears for hunting. In all but one of the cases, chimps broke off a living branch to make their tool. They would then trim the side branches and leaves.
In a number of cases, chimps also trimmed the ends of the branch and stripped it of bark. Some chimps also sharpened the tip of the tool with their teeth.
Female lead
Adult males have long been regarded as the hunters in chimp groups.
But the authors of the paper in Current Biology said females, particularly adolescent females, and young chimps in general were seen exhibiting this behaviour more frequently than adult males.
"It's classic in primates that when there is a new innovation, particularly in terms of tool use, the younger generations pick it up very quickly. The last ones to pick up are adults, mainly the males," said Dr Pruetz, who led the National Geographic Society-funded project.
This is because young chimps pick the skill up from their mothers, with whom they spend a lot of their time.
"It's a niche that males seem to ignore," Dr Pruetz told BBC News.
Many areas where chimpanzees live are also home to the red colobus monkey, which the chimps hunt. However, the Senegal site is lacking in this species, so chimps may have needed to adopt a new hunting strategy to catch a different prey - bushbaby.
The authors conclude that their findings support a theory that females may have played a similarly important role in the evolution of tool technology among early humans.
Australopithecus
We can not equate quadrupeds with bipeds, for bipeds made a genetic paradigm shift in their brains 7 million years ago:
The Lunate Sulcus by Ralph Holloway
Ralph Holloway is an endocast specialist who studies the inside skull to determine brain development of hominins. He also investigated the skull of Salam (3.3 Ma; 400cc; Ethiopia) and discovered the three years old child's brain was already rewired and different from chimps. The lunate sulcus marking vision structures had moved back on the skull making place for a larger neo cortex. So Salam was already more intelligent than chimps with 400cc brains:
So remember, it is not just brainsize but also wiring. Hence, don't be depressed 😉.
Tiny human
What excites the team most is a region on the side of H. naledi’s frontal lobe called Brodmann area 45, part of Broca’s area, which in modern humans has links to speech production. In this part of our brains, the pattern of gyri and sulci is very different from that seen in chimpanzees. H. naledi seems to have had our pattern, even though as an adult its BA45 was not much larger than that of a chimpanzee.
“You look at the naledi cast and you think – holy crap this is just a tiny human,” says Hawks.
Team member Shawn Hurst of Indiana University in Bloomington discussed the findings at a meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in New Orleans last week. “I would think the implication is that [H. naledi] was moving strongly towards enhanced communication,” he says.
A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defence
Assumption 374: A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defense. Bipedal primates did not exchange the forests for the savannas without this simple and effective protection against predators. Spears were not invented but arose naturally from their environment. Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie. First bipeds themselves invented nothing, no stone tools, but wooden tools came on their way.
Even though the first bipedal primates lived seven million years sooner than nowadays chimps, we can assign them more opportunities to develop spears as weapons against predators.
The primate paradigm shift must have been a whole neurological rewiring in conjunction with bipedality. This because Australopiths otherwise would have been completely defenseless on leaving the trees. So they must have invented spears before leaving the trees. They must have defended themselves already excellently against predators, otherwise they would have been extinct long ago. And with Homo naledi they survived for 7 million years. So, this is a joke:
Modifying the Pruetz Bertolani model for Australopiths
We start with the Pruetz Bertolani model, which we then adapt for Australopiths:
Fongoli chimpanzees in Senegal:
1) chimps broke off a living branch to make their tool. They would then
2) trim the side branches and leaves. In a number of cases, chimps also
3) trimmed the ends of the branch and
4) stripped it of bark. Some chimps also
5) sharpened the tip of the tool with their teeth.
The Australopith's spearmodel
'Before Australopithecines definitely left the forests they must already have invented some kind of weapons against predators. We know today's chimps throw stones and sometimes beat with branches to potential attackers. That will be our starting point.
But throwing stones can be done only in the neighbourhood of the place to live because stones are too heavy to transport through the savannas. That leaves branches as the first and only weapon for Australopithecines. Just like chimps they would have beaten their attackers with very heavy branches. But heavy sticks cannot be transported over large distances.
Wandering around the forests they experienced entrained branches automatically worn on rocky soil. They themselves invented nothing. So, they came up with the idea of a sharpened point. They also noticed sharp points could be made easily against sharp rocks. They needed not to invent the stone hand axe, because this encounter with sharp rock walls precedes this invention. So, the first Australopithecines invented nothing by themselves and if necessary they escaped into the trees.
First Australopithecines must have roamed through the savannas with light and very sharp sticks made of wooden branches. They must have carried their defense against predators with their hands, another opportunity was not there. They tied ropes made of grasses to the sticks and dragged them along the ground easily, as a pencil in a sharpener.'
On second thought we imply heavier spears:
The model adapted to Australopiths:
1) Australopiths broke off a branch.
Assumption 374: A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defense. Bipedal primates did not exchange the forests for the savannas without this simple and effective protection against predators. Spears were not invented but arose naturally from their environment. Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie. First bipeds themselves invented nothing, no stone tools, but wooden tools came on their way.
1) Australopiths broke off a branch.
2) They trimmed the side branches and leaves.
3) They stripped it from bark by rubbing on rough surface like sharp rocks.
3) They stripped it from bark by rubbing on rough surface like sharp rocks.
4) They sharpened the tip of the tool against the rocks to a sharp point.
5) Or they made points with their sharp teeth like chimps can do.
6) Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie.
Assumption 374: A necessary condition for bipedality was spear defense. Bipedal primates did not exchange the forests for the savannas without this simple and effective protection against predators. Spears were not invented but arose naturally from their environment. Australopiths must have transported multiple spears tied together with ropes from knotted grasses. Knots that they did not invent, but that originated naturally and were learned to untie. First bipeds themselves invented nothing, no stone tools, but wooden tools came on their way.
In this model the Australopiths themselves invented nothing. Rubbing over rough surface is the same as dragging sticks for a long time over rocky ground. Knots originated naturally which they gnawed through or learned untie.
On concluding: Bipedal primates were not able to leave the trees for the savannas without this simple and very effective protection against predators.
Australopiths likely had no stone tools, but they also would have been useless in their situation. Wooden spears used by the Masai is all you need against lions.
And in the trees wooden spears were highly effective against felines that were impaled from above.
They had small light spears that they could easily throw. And heavier ones against felines attacking their plaited sleeping places in the trees at night. Females and younger moved higher in the trees while males slept in lower positions. They impossibly could have survived without spears. Spears which they did not invent but arose naturally in their habitat. Spear defense was a necessary condition for bipedality
Australopiths likely had no stone tools, but they also would have been useless in their situation. Wooden spears used by the Masai is all you need against lions.
And in the trees wooden spears were highly effective against felines that were impaled from above.
They had small light spears that they could easily throw. And heavier ones against felines attacking their plaited sleeping places in the trees at night. Females and younger moved higher in the trees while males slept in lower positions. They impossibly could have survived without spears. Spears which they did not invent but arose naturally in their habitat. Spear defense was a necessary condition for bipedality
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